chore(): small improvements

src/backend/api/v1/notifications/endpoints.py

@@ -138,6 +138,8 @@ def create_rule(
         event_type=payload.event_type,
         channel=ch,
         experiment=experiment,
+        rate_limit_window_seconds=payload.rate_limit_window_seconds,
+        rate_limit_max_notifications=payload.rate_limit_max_notifications,
     )
     r = NotificationRule.objects.select_related("channel", "experiment").get(
         pk=r.pk

src/backend/api/v1/notifications/schemas.py

@@ -42,11 +42,15 @@ class RuleCreateIn(Schema):
     event_type: NotificationEventType
     channel_id: UUID
     experiment_id: UUID | None = None
+    rate_limit_window_seconds: int = 60
+    rate_limit_max_notifications: int = 1
 
 
 class RuleUpdateIn(Schema):
     event_type: NotificationEventType | None = None
     is_active: bool | None = None
+    rate_limit_window_seconds: int | None = None
+    rate_limit_max_notifications: int | None = None
 
 
 class ChannelBriefOut(Schema):
@@ -70,6 +74,8 @@ class RuleOut(ModelSchema):
             NotificationRule.id.field.name,
             NotificationRule.event_type.field.name,
             NotificationRule.is_active.field.name,
+            NotificationRule.rate_limit_window_seconds.field.name,
+            NotificationRule.rate_limit_max_notifications.field.name,
             NotificationRule.created_at.field.name,
             NotificationRule.updated_at.field.name,
         )
@@ -92,6 +98,8 @@ class RuleOut(ModelSchema):
             ),
             experiment=experiment_brief,
             is_active=r.is_active,
+            rate_limit_window_seconds=r.rate_limit_window_seconds,
+            rate_limit_max_notifications=r.rate_limit_max_notifications,
             created_at=r.created_at,
             updated_at=r.updated_at,
         )

src/backend/api/v1/notifications/tests/test_notifications_api.py

@@ -148,6 +148,18 @@ class RuleAPITest(TestCase):
         )
         self.assertEqual(data["channel"]["id"], str(self.channel.pk))
         self.assertIsNone(data["experiment"])
+        self.assertEqual(data["rate_limit_window_seconds"], 60)
+        self.assertEqual(data["rate_limit_max_notifications"], 1)
+
+    def test_create_rule_with_custom_rate_limit(self) -> None:
+        resp = self._create_rule(
+            rate_limit_window_seconds=120,
+            rate_limit_max_notifications=3,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 201)
+        data = resp.json()
+        self.assertEqual(data["rate_limit_window_seconds"], 120)
+        self.assertEqual(data["rate_limit_max_notifications"], 3)
 
     def test_create_rule_nonexistent_channel(self) -> None:
         resp = self._create_rule(channel_id=str(uuid.uuid4()))
@@ -167,12 +179,20 @@ class RuleAPITest(TestCase):
         rule_id = create_resp.json()["id"]
         resp = self.client.patch(
             reverse("api-1:update_rule", args=[rule_id]),
-            data=json.dumps({"is_active": False}),
+            data=json.dumps(
+                {
+                    "is_active": False,
+                    "rate_limit_window_seconds": 300,
+                    "rate_limit_max_notifications": 5,
+                }
+            ),
             content_type="application/json",
             HTTP_AUTHORIZATION=self.auth,
         )
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 200)
         self.assertFalse(resp.json()["is_active"])
+        self.assertEqual(resp.json()["rate_limit_window_seconds"], 300)
+        self.assertEqual(resp.json()["rate_limit_max_notifications"], 5)
 
     def test_update_rule_not_found(self) -> None:
         resp = self.client.patch(

src/backend/apps/conflicts/services.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import hashlib
 from uuid import UUID
 
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
@@ -12,6 +13,17 @@ from apps.conflicts.selectors import domain_active_experiments
 from apps.experiments.models import ACTIVE_STATUSES, Experiment
 
 
+def _subject_winner_index(
+    *,
+    subject_id: str,
+    domain_id: UUID,
+    size: int,
+) -> int:
+    seed = f"{domain_id}:{subject_id}".encode()
+    digest = hashlib.sha256(seed).digest()
+    return int.from_bytes(digest[:8], byteorder="big") % size
+
+
 @transaction.atomic
 def conflict_domain_create(
     *,
@@ -167,7 +179,15 @@ def resolve_domain_conflict(
         return True
 
     if domain.policy == ConflictPolicy.MUTUAL_EXCLUSION:
-        winner = active_memberships[0]
+        if subject_id:
+            winner_idx = _subject_winner_index(
+                subject_id=subject_id,
+                domain_id=domain_id,
+                size=len(active_memberships),
+            )
+            winner = active_memberships[winner_idx]
+        else:
+            winner = active_memberships[0]
         return str(winner.experiment_id) == str(experiment_id)
 
     if domain.policy == ConflictPolicy.PRIORITY:
@@ -187,7 +207,19 @@ def resolve_domain_conflict(
         tied = [m for m in active_memberships if m.priority == top_priority]
         if len(tied) <= 1:
             return True
-        winner = min(tied, key=lambda m: m.experiment.created_at)
+        if subject_id:
+            ordered_tied = sorted(
+                tied,
+                key=lambda m: str(m.experiment_id),
+            )
+            winner_idx = _subject_winner_index(
+                subject_id=subject_id,
+                domain_id=domain_id,
+                size=len(ordered_tied),
+            )
+            winner = ordered_tied[winner_idx]
+        else:
+            winner = min(tied, key=lambda m: m.experiment.created_at)
         return str(winner.experiment_id) == str(experiment_id)
 
     return True

src/backend/apps/conflicts/tests/test_conflicts.py

@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ class ResolveDomainConflictTest(TestCase):
         exp = experiment_approve(experiment=exp, approver=self.approver)
         return experiment_start(experiment=exp, user=self.experimenter)
 
-    def test_mutual_exclusion_winner_is_first(self) -> None:
+    def test_mutual_exclusion_deterministic_per_subject(self) -> None:
         domain = make_domain(
             suffix="_me",
             policy=ConflictPolicy.MUTUAL_EXCLUSION,
@@ -293,10 +293,17 @@ class ResolveDomainConflictTest(TestCase):
         )
         exp1 = self._make_and_start("_me1", domain)
         exp2 = self._make_and_start("_me2", domain)
-        winner = resolve_domain_conflict(exp1.pk, domain.pk, "u1")
+        exp1_u1 = resolve_domain_conflict(exp1.pk, domain.pk, "u1")
-        self.assertTrue(winner)
+        exp2_u1 = resolve_domain_conflict(exp2.pk, domain.pk, "u1")
-        loser = resolve_domain_conflict(exp2.pk, domain.pk, "u1")
+        self.assertNotEqual(exp1_u1, exp2_u1)
-        self.assertFalse(loser)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            exp1_u1,
+            resolve_domain_conflict(exp1.pk, domain.pk, "u1"),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            exp2_u1,
+            resolve_domain_conflict(exp2.pk, domain.pk, "u1"),
+        )
 
     def test_priority_higher_wins(self) -> None:
         domain = make_domain(
@@ -309,7 +316,7 @@ class ResolveDomainConflictTest(TestCase):
         self.assertTrue(resolve_domain_conflict(exp_high.pk, domain.pk, "u1"))
         self.assertFalse(resolve_domain_conflict(exp_low.pk, domain.pk, "u1"))
 
-    def test_priority_tie_first_created_wins(self) -> None:
+    def test_priority_tie_deterministic_per_subject(self) -> None:
         domain = make_domain(
             suffix="_tie",
             policy=ConflictPolicy.PRIORITY,
@@ -317,8 +324,17 @@ class ResolveDomainConflictTest(TestCase):
         )
         exp1 = self._make_and_start("_tie1", domain, priority=5)
         exp2 = self._make_and_start("_tie2", domain, priority=5)
-        self.assertTrue(resolve_domain_conflict(exp1.pk, domain.pk, "u1"))
+        exp1_u1 = resolve_domain_conflict(exp1.pk, domain.pk, "u1")
-        self.assertFalse(resolve_domain_conflict(exp2.pk, domain.pk, "u1"))
+        exp2_u1 = resolve_domain_conflict(exp2.pk, domain.pk, "u1")
+        self.assertNotEqual(exp1_u1, exp2_u1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            exp1_u1,
+            resolve_domain_conflict(exp1.pk, domain.pk, "u1"),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            exp2_u1,
+            resolve_domain_conflict(exp2.pk, domain.pk, "u1"),
+        )
 
     def test_single_experiment_always_wins(self) -> None:
         domain = make_domain(suffix="_single")

src/backend/apps/decision/services.py

@@ -145,7 +145,10 @@ def _check_participation_limits(
     return not recent_completed
 
 
-def _check_domain_conflicts(experiment: Experiment) -> bool:
+def _check_domain_conflicts(
+    experiment: Experiment,
+    subject_id: str,
+) -> bool:
     memberships = ExperimentConflictDomain.objects.filter(
         experiment=experiment,
     ).select_related("conflict_domain")
@@ -154,7 +157,7 @@ def _check_domain_conflicts(experiment: Experiment) -> bool:
         if not resolve_domain_conflict(
             experiment_id=experiment.pk,
             domain_id=membership.conflict_domain_id,
-            subject_id="",
+            subject_id=subject_id,
         ):
             return False
     return True
@@ -219,7 +222,7 @@ def decide_for_flag(
         _persist_decision(result, subject_id)
         return result
 
-    if not _check_domain_conflicts(experiment):
+    if not _check_domain_conflicts(experiment, subject_id):
         DECIDE_REQUESTS.labels(reason="domain_conflict").inc()
         result = {
             "flag": flag_key,

src/backend/apps/flags/migrations/0002_alter_featureflag_key.py

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# Generated by Django 5.2.11 on 2026-02-23 14:56
+
+import django.core.validators
+from django.db import migrations, models
+
+
+class Migration(migrations.Migration):
+
+    dependencies = [
+        ('flags', '0001_initial'),
+    ]
+
+    operations = [
+        migrations.AlterField(
+            model_name='featureflag',
+            name='key',
+            field=models.CharField(help_text='Unique identifier for the feature flag', max_length=100, unique=True, validators=[django.core.validators.RegexValidator(message='Event type name must follow snake_case, camelCase, or PascalCase.', regex='^[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9_]*$')], verbose_name='key'),
+        ),
+    ]

src/backend/apps/notifications/migrations/0003_notificationrule_rate_limit_max_notifications_and_more.py

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Generated by Django 5.2.11 on 2026-02-23 14:56
+
+from django.db import migrations, models
+
+
+class Migration(migrations.Migration):
+
+    dependencies = [
+        ('notifications', '0002_alter_notificationchannel_config'),
+    ]
+
+    operations = [
+        migrations.AddField(
+            model_name='notificationrule',
+            name='rate_limit_max_notifications',
+            field=models.PositiveIntegerField(default=1, verbose_name='rate limit max notifications'),
+        ),
+        migrations.AddField(
+            model_name='notificationrule',
+            name='rate_limit_window_seconds',
+            field=models.PositiveIntegerField(default=60, verbose_name='rate limit window seconds'),
+        ),
+    ]

src/backend/apps/notifications/models.py

@@ -93,6 +93,14 @@ class NotificationRule(BaseModel):
         default=True,
         verbose_name=_("is active"),
     )
+    rate_limit_window_seconds = models.PositiveIntegerField(
+        default=60,
+        verbose_name=_("rate limit window seconds"),
+    )
+    rate_limit_max_notifications = models.PositiveIntegerField(
+        default=1,
+        verbose_name=_("rate limit max notifications"),
+    )
     created_at = models.DateTimeField(
         auto_now_add=True,
         verbose_name=_("created at"),

src/backend/apps/notifications/services.py

@@ -82,11 +82,15 @@ def rule_create(
     event_type: str,
     channel: NotificationChannel,
     experiment: Any | None = None,
+    rate_limit_window_seconds: int = 60,
+    rate_limit_max_notifications: int = 1,
 ) -> NotificationRule:
     rule = NotificationRule(
         event_type=event_type,
         channel=channel,
         experiment=experiment,
+        rate_limit_window_seconds=rate_limit_window_seconds,
+        rate_limit_max_notifications=rate_limit_max_notifications,
     )
     rule.save()
     return rule
@@ -97,7 +101,12 @@ def rule_update(
     rule: NotificationRule,
     **fields: Any,
 ) -> NotificationRule:
-    allowed = {"event_type", "is_active"}
+    allowed = {
+        "event_type",
+        "is_active",
+        "rate_limit_window_seconds",
+        "rate_limit_max_notifications",
+    }
     for key in fields:
         if key not in allowed:
             raise ValueError(f"Field '{key}' cannot be updated.")
@@ -149,12 +158,17 @@ def notification_enqueue(
 
     logs: list[NotificationLog] = []
     for rule in rules:
-        event_key = _build_event_key(event_type, payload)
+        event_key = _build_event_key(
-        if NotificationLog.objects.filter(
+            event_type,
+            payload,
+            rule.rate_limit_window_seconds,
+        )
+        sent_or_pending = NotificationLog.objects.filter(
             event_key=event_key,
             channel=rule.channel,
             status__in=[NotificationStatus.PENDING, NotificationStatus.SENT],
-        ).exists():
+        ).count()
+        if sent_or_pending >= rule.rate_limit_max_notifications:
             continue
 
         log = NotificationLog.objects.create(
@@ -176,8 +190,13 @@ def notification_enqueue(
     return logs
 
 
-def _build_event_key(event_type: str, payload: NotificationPayload) -> str:
+def _build_event_key(
-    bucket = int(timezone.now().timestamp()) // 60
+    event_type: str,
+    payload: NotificationPayload,
+    window_seconds: int,
+) -> str:
+    normalized_window = max(window_seconds, 1)
+    bucket = int(timezone.now().timestamp()) // normalized_window
     return f"{event_type}:{payload.experiment_id}:{bucket}"
 
 

src/backend/apps/notifications/tests/test_notifications.py

@@ -164,6 +164,33 @@ class NotificationEnqueueTest(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(len(logs_1), 1)
         self.assertEqual(len(logs_2), 0)
 
+    def test_enqueue_respects_rule_rate_limit(self) -> None:
+        rule_create(
+            event_type=NotificationEventType.GUARDRAIL_TRIGGERED,
+            channel=self.channel,
+            rate_limit_window_seconds=60,
+            rate_limit_max_notifications=2,
+        )
+        payload = NotificationPayload(
+            title="Alert",
+            body="Error rate exceeded",
+            event_type=NotificationEventType.GUARDRAIL_TRIGGERED,
+            experiment_id=str(self.experiment.pk),
+            experiment_name=self.experiment.name,
+        )
+        logs_1 = notification_enqueue(
+            NotificationEventType.GUARDRAIL_TRIGGERED, payload
+        )
+        logs_2 = notification_enqueue(
+            NotificationEventType.GUARDRAIL_TRIGGERED, payload
+        )
+        logs_3 = notification_enqueue(
+            NotificationEventType.GUARDRAIL_TRIGGERED, payload
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(logs_1), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(logs_2), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(logs_3), 0)
+
     def test_enqueue_no_matching_rules(self) -> None:
         logs = notification_enqueue(
             NotificationEventType.EXPERIMENT_STARTED,